[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Tour CTA & Information Section” _builder_version=”4.16″ min_height=”8650px” custom_padding=”0px|0px|54px|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ admin_label=”Tour CTA & Information Row” _builder_version=”4.16″ min_height=”463px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_cta title=”ARE WE ENTERING SOLAR CYCLE 25?” button_url=”#TOP” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”Noto Sans|700|||||||” header_font_size=”44px” header_line_height=”1.5em” body_font=”Noto Sans||||||||” body_text_align=”right” body_line_height=”2em” use_background_color=”off” button_alignment=”right” text_orientation=”right” background_layout=”light” max_width=”480px” max_width_tablet=”” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” module_alignment=”left” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”34px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_text_color_hover=”#ffffff” button_border_color_hover=”#ff9e59″ button_bg_color_hover=”#ff9e59″ global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” button_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_color__hover_enabled=”on” button_border_color__hover=”#ff9e59″ button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on” button_bg_color__hover=”#ff9e59″ button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”Noto Sans||||||||” text_line_height=”2em” link_font=”||||||||” ul_font=”||||||||” ol_font=”||||||||” quote_font=”||||||||” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_5_font=”Noto Sans|700|||||||” header_5_text_color=”#ff6b5a” header_5_font_size=”20px” header_5_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Is the sun increasing in activity? [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”Noto Sans||||||||” text_line_height=”2em” link_font=”||||||||” ul_font=”||||||||” ol_font=”||||||||” quote_font=”||||||||” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_5_font=”Noto Sans|700|||||||” header_5_text_color=”#ff6b5a” header_5_font_size=”20px” header_5_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n By Chris Ayliffe<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ min_height=”135px” custom_margin=”-40px|auto||auto||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/aurorareykjavik.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Aurora-at-Grotta-00003-of-9.jpg” title_text=”Northern Lights at Straumur, an old farm close to Reykjav\u00edk” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”fade” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Northern Lights in Iceland, @aurorareykjavik<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n For Aurora enthusiasts, there\u2019s been some great recent news in the past few weeks. Space Weather Live has reported about the possibility that <\/span>we have now passed the recent solar minimum<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n The data is certainly starting to look promising with even <\/span>a recent M-Class flare<\/span><\/a> being emitted from the sun for the first time since 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n Sadly for us in Iceland, though we have been blessed with some incredible clear skies, it\u2019s the summer, and that means no Northern Lights for us. However, to quote the great Jon Snow: \u201cWinter is coming\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n But what does this all mean? Well, I thought I\u2019d explain a little more about the jargon, what the new data predicts for those visiting our lovely shores in the coming winters, and what this means for the ever sought after green lady.<\/span><\/p>\n As <\/span>Iceland is one of the best places to see the Northern Lights<\/span><\/a>, let me uncover why this upcoming aurora season is one not to miss.<\/span><\/p>\n In this blog I\u2019ll cover the following:<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”Noto Sans||||||||” text_line_height=”2em” link_font=”||||||||” ul_font=”||||||||” ol_font=”||||||||” quote_font=”||||||||” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_5_font=”Noto Sans|700|||||||” header_5_text_color=”#ff6b5a” header_5_font_size=”20px” header_5_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Solar minimum simply means the period in the sunspot cycle when solar activity is lowest, and sunspots are less abundant.<\/span><\/p>\n In plain English, this means the sun\u2019s activity is at its quietest in its solar cycle and is producing less frequent crazily powerful knock-your-socks-off Northern Lights displays for us in the northern hemisphere.<\/span><\/p>\n Why is this?<\/span><\/p>\n Well, the sun is seen to follow a relatively consistent 11-year cycle where at solar maximum, the sun has a peak of sunspots, and at solar minimum they are at their lowest quantity.<\/span><\/p>\n We have now successfully measured 24 solar cycles, and now we could well be entering Solar Cycle 25, which is the predicted start of an increasing number of sunspots.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/aurorareykjavik.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Solar-cycle-data.png” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n They\u2019re phenomena caused by interactions with the sun\u2019s magnetic field which are not yet fully known.<\/span><\/p>\n Think of a sunspot as a loosened fizzy drink bottle cap. If you shake it up, you can generate a big eruption of energy (and that\u2019s without adding a Mento!).<\/span><\/p>\n The sun is the same. Sunspots sit over regions of intense magnetic activity. When this energy is released, it can emit solar flares, enhanced solar wind and even <\/span>huge storms otherwise known as coronal mass ejections<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/aurorareykjavik.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ctZ4jzL3eaTdiXNrC7XtHM-1024-80.jpg” align=”right” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Source: <\/i>Space.com<\/i><\/a>, 2020, \u00a0Image: \u00a9 BBSO<\/i><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n If these sunspots release energy when facing the Earth, there is a good chance of a great Northern Lights display. We just have to hope for clear and dark skies.<\/span><\/p>\n So, as you might have guessed, solar maximum is the point during the sunspot cycle when solar activity is at its highest and sunspots are at their most abundant.<\/span><\/p>\n During this period of the solar cycle, we anticipate a higher probability of intense aurora borealis displays here in Iceland as well as parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Canada and Alaska.<\/span><\/p>\n That\u2019s not to say during the period of solar minimum, like the past winter, that Santa turns his magic lights off.<\/span><\/p>\n In this past season, we still had some incredibly jaw-dropping displays, like the picture captured below.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ module_id=”autumn” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”||0px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/aurorareykjavik.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Aurora-at-Grotta-00001-of-9.jpg” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Northern Lights in March, @aurorareykjavik\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”Noto Sans||||||||” text_line_height=”2em” link_font=”||||||||” ul_font=”||||||||” ol_font=”||||||||” quote_font=”||||||||” header_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_5_font=”Noto Sans|700|||||||” header_5_text_color=”#ff6b5a” header_5_font_size=”20px” header_5_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n The short answer is, the <\/span>peak is expected between 2023 – 2026<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n However, it is incredibly irregular that the sun emits an M-Class flare during solar minimum, like the one which happened recently.<\/span><\/p>\n This has got the moths, like myself, drawn to the North\u2019s spectacular green lights, wondering if perhaps activity might start ramping up sooner and potentially more powerful than expected.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n This level of activity is incredibly rare during a solar minimum. So with sunspots now hopefully on the increase in volume, let\u2019s just see what surprises the sun has for our glorious skies come winter. You\u2019ll have to be here to see it for yourself.<\/span><\/p>\n The predictions for the number of sunspots during the solar maximum of solar cycle 25 is to be broadly similar to solar cycle 24 — between 95 – 130 sunspots.<\/span><\/p>\n During the past Northern Lights season (September 2019 – April 2020) we recorded on average <\/span>2 sunspots per month<\/b><\/a>; a broadly accurate metric you\u2019d expect for a solar minimum.<\/span><\/p>\n For the next season, current predictions are anticipating an average of <\/span>between <\/b>1.5 – 11 sunspots per month<\/b><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n Having experienced numerous incredible displays last season, this data, combined with the recent flare, is already making me charge my extra camera batteries.<\/span><\/p>\n Though we can never be 100% on what to expect, which, believe me, means a lot of frantic runs to the car and some frozen-fingered camera setups, this season could be the start of some incredibly exciting displays over our skies in Iceland.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Let me start this section with a little bit of Northern Lights history.<\/span><\/p>\n In September 1859, the world experienced what has become known as the most powerful geomagnetic storm recorded, named <\/span>the Carrington event<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n The incident was named after British astronomer, Richard C. Carrington, who recorded the event.<\/span><\/p>\n It occurred only a few months before the solar maximum of solar cycle 10 and was the result of an incredibly powerful coronal mass ejection smashing into Earth\u2019s magnetosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n This not only delivered incredible Northern Lights viewing for those in the far North but was so powerful that even people in the Caribbean could see an incredible aurora borealis display dancing above their heads.<\/span><\/p>\n It\u2019s even recorded that the lights were so bright that it actually woke up some gold miners in the US who started preparing breakfast for the day, thinking it was morning.<\/span><\/p>\n So, why am I telling you this?<\/p>\n Well, as mentioned earlier, the Sun is one tricky lady to predict.<\/span><\/p>\n Though statistical analysis allows us to assume a solar maximum has more chance of driving intense Northern Lights displays, it is merely a prediction.<\/span><\/p>\n What we can be relatively sure of is the Sun\u2019s repetitive 11-year cycle as illustrated below with continuous measurements of observed sunspots.<\/span><\/p>\n We can take analysis from the past to predict the next solar maximum, and observe the sunspots as they arise.<\/span><\/p>\n However, in my experience, the sporadic and unpredictable intensity of the Northern Lights are not easy to predict.<\/span><\/p>\n Even in periods of solar minimum, like the previous season, we had a series of incredible shows that silently decorated our skies and lit up the ground beneath our feet.<\/span><\/p>\n Take predictions with a pinch of salt. Often the magic of the Northern Lights is the anticipation of heading out in the evening utterly unsure of what stunning sights you\u2019ll see each night.<\/span><\/p>\n Life is an adventure, after all!<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/aurorareykjavik.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Pingvellir-March-19-00001-of-1.jpg” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Outburst of Lights in September, \u00deingvellir National Park, @aurorareykjavik<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ module_id=”winter” _builder_version=”4.16″ min_height=”566px” custom_padding=”||0px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/aurorareykjavik.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Webside-600-800-00002-of-18.jpg” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Winter Northern Lights <\/em>at J\u00f6kuls\u00e1rl\u00f3n, \u00a0@aurorareykjavik<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”Noto Sans||||||||” text_line_height=”2em” link_font=”||||||||” ul_font=”||||||||” ol_font=”||||||||” quote_font=”||||||||” header_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_5_font=”Noto Sans|700|||||||” header_5_text_color=”#ff6b5a” header_5_font_size=”20px” header_5_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Don\u2019t worry, even though we live on a rock in the middle of the Atlantic, we\u2019re fully aware of the awful COVID-19 situation and its effect on both people and travel.<\/span><\/p>\n It\u2019s been a hard time for everyone. Hopefully, the circumstances will start to decline soon so we can all start enjoying travel once more.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n In Iceland, we\u2019ll be <\/span>welcoming travellers back from June 15th 2020 onwards<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Those planning on visiting will be required to either take a COVID-19 test at the airport, allowing safe travels within the country.<\/span><\/p>\n One thing is sure; however, if you\u2019re coming to Iceland in winter, you\u2019re definitely after a chance to see the Northern Lights, and who can blame you!<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Iceland is not only one of the best places to witness the Northern Lights, but also has the unique array of incredibly diverse and unique locations from which to watch.<\/span><\/p>\n As I explained earlier, this season is expected to have an increase in the number of active sunspots, meaning the chances of spotting a glimpse of the bucket list item are growing.<\/span><\/p>\n If you\u2019re coming over, why not maximise your chances even further by joining one of <\/span>our expert guides on a tour<\/span><\/a> to spot the dancing colours above.<\/span><\/p>\n With a variety of options for travellers to choose from, you can select which best suits you, and let us take care of the rest.<\/span><\/p>\n Your guides will explain both the science and folklore behind one of the best natural wonders of the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n From the charming Finnish story of the running Arctic Fox and the Norse tales of the glinting armour of the Valkyrie preparing for a battle to a Brian Cox inspired scientific overview, these tours are designed to give customers the best possible experience under the Northern Lights in Iceland.<\/span><\/p>\n One thing is for certain, you can be sure we\u2019re counting down the days of summer before the hunt starts once more, and we hope you\u2019ll get to join us to make some incredible memories.<\/span><\/p>\n To give you an idea, here are a few sunrise and sunset times in Reykjavik during the winter:<\/p>\n December 1st: Sunrise at 10:45 am and sunset at 3:45 pm<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n December 15th: Sunrise at 11:15 am and sunset at 3:30 pm<\/em><\/p>\n January 1st: Sunrise at 11:19 am and sunset at 3:42 pm<\/em><\/p>\n January 15th: Sunrise at 10:56 am and sunset at 4:18pm<\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/aurorareykjavik.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Happyworld-00001-of-1.jpg” _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_line_height=”2em” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Check out this Northern Lights tour on modified Landrovers<\/a> – those guys truly lead the pack when it comes to stargazing in Iceland\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ module_id=”spring” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”||0px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/aurorareykjavik.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Aurora-at-Grotta-00002-of-9.jpg” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Northern Lights at Kirkjufell in March, @aurorareykjavik<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”Noto Sans||||||||” text_line_height=”2em” link_font=”||||||||” ul_font=”||||||||” ol_font=”||||||||” quote_font=”||||||||” header_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” header_2_font=”||||||||” header_5_font=”Noto Sans|700|||||||” header_5_text_color=”#ff6b5a” header_5_font_size=”20px” header_5_line_height=”2em” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n As you can tell by now, I\u2019m a big fan of statistics and graphs.<\/span><\/p>\n Statistically speaking the best times of year to watch the Northern Lights in Iceland are near the Autumn and Spring Equinoxes (September 22nd and March 20th).<\/span><\/p>\n Now, this isn\u2019t just some campfire estimation; there is, in fact, a little known scientific theory behind why these times of year are particularly fantastic for aurora activity.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_margin=”-129px|auto||auto||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”2em” custom_padding=”0px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n During the equinox, there is usually heightened geomagnetic electrical disturbance as the Earth\u2019s axial tilt aligns us at the peak angle relative to the sun. This, therefore, increases the chances of the Earth receiving sun particles which cause the aurora borealis.<\/span><\/p>\n
\nWhat is a solar maximum and when will it be?
\nHave we now passed the solar minimum?
\nWhat impact does this have for those wanting to discover the dazzling Northern Lights?
\nFind out the answers to these questions and more below.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/h5>\n
Contents<\/span><\/h2>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
What do Solar Minimum and Solar Maximum Mean?<\/span><\/h2>\n
\nBelieve me, I know the jargon often gets super confusing, so let me break it down for you.<\/span><\/p>\n
\nJust to break that down even further for you: <\/span>sunspots are darker and cooler areas on the sun\u2019s photosphere<\/span><\/a>. They often appear as black dots on images we take of the sun and can be up to 50,000km in diameter (just like the image below).<\/span><\/p>\n
\nJust remember, though we\u2019re getting better at predicting observations and measuring real-time data, anything can happen when you look to the dark skies during a winter in Iceland.<\/span><\/p>\nWhen is the Next Solar Maximum Predicted?<\/span><\/h2>\n
What Does the Data From the Past Show Us?<\/span><\/h4>\n
Carrington Event<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/h5>\n
\nPredicting Solar Cycles<\/span><\/h5>\nWhat Does This Mean for Travellers Searching for the Northern Lights?<\/span><\/h2>\n
Iceland is the perfect Northern Lights destination<\/h3>\n
When Should You Come to Iceland to See the Northern Lights?<\/span><\/h2>\n
Russell McPherron Hypothesis
\n<\/span><\/h3>\n